Answer: (A)

Explanation: In proportional representation system all sections of the people get representation in proportion to their number. There are two kinds of proportional representation, namely, single transferable vote system and list system. In India, the first kind is adopted for the election of members to the Rajya Sabha and state legislative council and for electing the President and the Vice-President. Hence, statement 2 is incorrect.

Answer: (B)

Explanation: Article 110 of the Constitution deals with the definition of money bills. It states that a bill is deemed to be a money bill if it contains ‘only’ provisions dealing with all or any of the following matters:

• The imposition, abolition, remission, alteration or regulation of any tax;
• The regulation of the borrowing of money by the Union government;
• The custody of the Consolidated Fund of India or the contingency fund of India, the payment of moneys into or the withdrawal of money from any such fund;
• The appropriation of money out of the Consolidated Fund of India;
• Declaration of any expenditure charged on the Consolidated Fund of India or increasing the amount of any such expenditure;
• The receipt of money on account of the Consolidated Fund of India or the public account of India or the custody or issue of such money, or the audit of the accounts of the Union or of a state; or
• Any matter incidental to any of the matters specified above.

However, a bill is not to be deemed to be a money bill by reason only that it provides for:

• the imposition of fines or other pecuniary penalties, or
• the demand or payment of fees for licenses or fees for services rendered; or
• the imposition, abolition, remission, alteration or regulation of any tax by any local authority or body for local purposes.

Hence, option (b) is correct.

Answer: (A)

Explanation:

• Beginning of Parliamentary System in India can be traced back to Charter Act of 1853. Hence, statement 1 is incorrect.
• It separated, for the first time, the legislative and executive functions of the Governor General’s council. It provided for addition of six new members called legislative councillors to the council.
• Charter Act of 1853 recommended for the appointment of Macaulay Committee on Indian Civil Service. Hence, statement 2 is incorrect.

Answer: (B)

Explanation:

• A Uniform Civil Code is one that would provide for one law for the entire country, applicable to all religious communities in their personal matters such as marriage, divorce, inheritance, adoption etc. Article 44 of the Constitution lays down that the state shall endeavour to secure a Uniform Civil Code for the citizens throughout the territory of India.
• Article 44 is one of the directive principles. These, as defined in Article 37, are not justiciable (not enforceable by any court) but the principles laid down therein are fundamental in governance. Fundamental rights are enforceable in a court of law. While Article 44 uses the words “state shall endeavour”, other Articles in the ‘Directive Principles’ chapter use words such as “in particular strive”; “shall in particular direct its policy”; “shall be obligation of the state” etc. Article 43 mentions “state shall endeavour by suitable legislation” while the phrase “by suitable legislation” is absent in Article 44. All this implies that the duty of the state is greater in other directive principles than in Article 44.
• All Hindus of the country are not governed by one law, nor are all Muslims or all Christians. Not only British legal traditions, even those of the Portuguese and the French remain operative in some parts.

Hence, statement 2 is incorrect.

Answer: (B)

Explanation: Indian Councils Act, 1861, made a beginning of representative institutions by associating Indians with the law-making process. It thus provided that the viceroy should nominate some Indians as non-official members of his expanded council. In 1862, Lord Canning, the then viceroy, nominated three Indians to his legislative council—the Raja of Benaras, the Maharaja of Patiala and Sir Dinkar Rao. Hence, option (b) is correct.