Mangroves are a diverse collection of plant communities that thrive in the coastal intertidal zones of (tropical/subtropical) regions.

DISTINCTIVE FEATURES

• Adaptation to harsh conditions (elevated salt, limited oxygen)
• Oxygen absorption by root structures known as pneumatophores
• Thick fleshy leaves for water storage

MANGROVE DISTRIBUTION

• Sundarbans - Earth's largest continuous expanse of mangrove forests

IMPORTANCE

• Coastal stabilization and erosion prevention
• Shield against cyclones and storms
• Enhancement of water quality through nutrient absorption
• Vital role as a carbon storage area

CHALLENGES

• Urban development encroaching upon coastal areas
• Proliferation of shrimp farms
• Vulnerability to temperature fluctuations (susceptibility to freezing temperatures)

CONSERVATION ACTIONS

Worldwide

• Incorporation of mangroves into Biosphere Reserves and UNESCO Global Geoparks
• Initiatives like Mangroves for the Future (IUCN & UNDP)
• Collaboration through the Mangrove Alliance for Climate (UNFCCC COP27)

India

• Establishment of the National Mangrove Committee (1976)
• Introduction of the Mangrove Initiative for Shoreline Habitats & Tangible Incomes (MISHTI) (Union Budget 2023-24)