Date: 29/09/2022

Relevance: GS-2: Important International institutions, agencies and fora their structure, mandate.

Key Phrases: United Nations Security Council, five permanent members or P5, right of veto, enemy clause.

Context:

• There is a buzz in India about the prospects of the country becoming a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council.

Background

• India’s External Affairs Minister has been actively canvassing for the country’s candidature, meeting his counterparts from several countries.
• He has repeated the call, made often in the past, for a text-based negotiation on what has been referred to as the reform of the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) i.e. negotiation on a written document outlining the proposed reform instead of just holding forth verbally.
• The five permanent members of the UNSC —
  • China,
  • France,
  • the Russian Federation,
  • the United Kingdom and
  • The United States.
• Until a quarter century ago, the nuclear weapon club had five members, the same five as the P-5. India, Pakistan, North Korea and Israel have since joined the club.
• The P-5 could do nothing to stop the latter countries from forcing themselves into membership of the nuclear club.
• But the permanent membership of the Security Council is another story.

Declarations that deserve skepticism

• The inescapable fact is that none of the P-5 wants the UNSC’s ranks to be increased. One or the other of them might make some noise about supporting one or more of the aspirants.
• Each is confident that someone among them will torpedo the enlargement of the club. Declarations of support for India’s candidature need to be taken with a fistful of salt.
• When delegations of 50 countries were drafting the Charter of the future United Nations at Dumbarton Oaks near Washington DC in 1944-45, the article regarding the Security Council, particularly the right of veto, was the subject of maximum debate and controversy. Many countries opposed it.
• The British representative made it clear: either you have a United Nations with veto or there will be no United Nations.
• The other participating nations had to lump it. The chief Indian delegate said that it was better to have an imperfect United Nations than not to have one.

Intricacies of membership

• There is considerable unhappiness among membership at large in the UN about the right of veto.
• The debate about veto is most often raked up when the western members of the P-5 club are not able to have their way.
• It is true that Russia, in its incarnations as the Soviet Union and the Russian Federation, has cast more vetoes estimated to be 120 times, than the three western members of the club.
• But the western members have used their privileged position a number of times to protect Israel when the Palestinian question was being discussed.
• They also used veto to prevent sanctions from being imposed on the apartheid regime of South Africa.

What should India follow?

• India needs to be circumspect about vetoes. We ought to remember that the Russians have bailed India out on many occasions on the question of Kashmir.
• Most importantly, Russia helped India by vetoing unfavorable resolutions during the war of Bangladesh liberation in 1971.
• Looking ahead, we can never rule out the possibility of the Kashmir issue being raised in the Council at some time in the future.
• While we might expect, though not be certain of, Russia to come to our help, we must rule out either Britain or America from casting a negative vote against Pakistan.
• Going by the Chinese position of repeatedly blocking India’s efforts to include confirmed Pakistani terrorists in the sanctions list, we can be sure of Chinese hostility towards us for a long time.
• There are four declared candidates for permanent membership called the G4:
  • India,
  • Japan,
  • Brazil and
  • Germany.

Regional and Country specific concerns

• Africa and Latin America and the Caribbean are unrepresented in the permanent category at present.
• Africa’s claim for two permanent seats has wide understanding and support, but the Africans have yet to decide which two countries these are to be.
• As for India, we can discount Pakistan’s opposition; China will not support India nor will it ever support Japan. Brazil has regional opponents and claimants.
• As for Germany, Italy is firmly opposed to its claim. If Germany and Japan — both Axis powers during the Second World War, and hence ‘enemy’ states — were to join as permanent members, that would leave out only Italy, the third founding member of the Axis group.
• In any case there are already three western nations among the P-5.
• Even if India enjoyed near universal support, there is no way that India alone can be elected. It will have to be a package deal involving countries from other groups.

The ongoing debate

• There is quite a debate going on about whether the aspiring countries should accept permanent membership without the right of veto.
• There is no ambiguity regarding the position of the P-5. Every one of them is firmly opposed to conferring the veto power to any prospective new permanent member.
• Not just the P-5, the vast majority of members do not want any more veto-wielding members in the Council.
• There is a proposal to the effect that a resolution can be defeated only by a negative vote of at least two permanent members.
• The P-5 are firmly opposed to any dilution of their privileged position.

Need of amendment

• Changing the membership of the Council requires amending the Charter.
• This involves consent of two-thirds of the total membership of the U N, including the concurring votes of P-5.
• This means that each of the five has a veto. The Charter was amended once in the 1960s to enlarge the Council by additional non-permanent seats.
• Even now, if the proposal was to add a few non-permanent seats only, it would be adopted with near unanimity or even by consensus.
• It is the permanent category that poses the problem.
• One can have a good idea of the difficulty of amending the Charter by the fact that the ‘enemy clause’ contained in Article 107 of the Charter remains in it.
• Some of the enemy states such as Germany, Japan, Italy, etc. are very active members, often serve on the Council, and are close military allies of some of the victors in the war.

A new category is an idea worth considering

• A distinguished group of experts suggested a few years ago that a new category of semi-permanent members should be created.
• Countries would be elected for a period of eight to 10 years and would be eligible for re-election. India ought to give serious consideration to this idea.
• Some experts are of the opinion that India should not accept permanent membership without the right of veto. “We cannot accept second class status”, is what they say.
• First, nobody is offering India permanent membership. Second, membership with veto power should be firmly ruled out.
• If by some miracle we are offered or manage to obtain permanent membership without veto, we must grab it.
• Even a permanent membership without veto will be tremendously helpful in protecting our interests.
• For, there should be no illusion about how states view membership in the Council.
• It is all about national interest; nobody is there for any worthy cause such as human rights or even war and peace. India will be and should be no different.

Source: The Hindu

Mains Question:

Q. Discuss the progress made by India towards having permanent membership of the United Nations Security Council. [150 Words].