Date: 29/04/2023

Relevance: GS-2: Government Policies and Interventions for Development in various sectors and Issues arising out of their Design and Implementation.

Relevance: GS-3: Infrastructure: Railway Transport.

Key Phrases: Physical Infrastructure, Indian Railway, Vande Bharat, Train 18, Infrastructure Finance Secretariat, Big Data, Projection of Traffic Volume, National Logistic Policy, National Infrastructure Pipeline.

Context:

• In India, the last eight years have seen tremendous progress in the areas of infrastructural development.
  • Among the infrastructure segments, investment in transport corridors (land, water, rail, air) has been the focal theme of the government for successive years.
• There is a touch of wry irony in the fact that today most of the news about the Indian Railways concerns Vande Bharat trains, and more particularly the fact that every new Vande Bharat train is being personally flagged off by the Prime Minister.
  • Amid the publicity blitz and euphoria surrounding the successive introduction of Vande Bharat trains, it is easy to lose sight of the larger picture and the serious issues confronting the Indian Railways.

Key Highlights:

• For, a little over four years ago, the launch of Train 18 was heralded by the initiation of vigilance investigations against some of the top architects of the project on wholly specious grounds.
  • The Train 18 project was wholly conceived, planned and executed with élan in record time, by a team of inspired, talented and committed Railway professionals of the Integral Coach Factory, Perambur, Chennai, with minimum official support.
• Today it seems it is raining Vande Bharat trains all over the country, a unique example of the success of a purely local initiative driving policy at the highest level.
• The government has undertaken several structural reforms to make the entire infrastructure pipeline visible and viable.
  • Roads, transport and the Railways continue to remain in focus of the government's successive budgets.
• The Railways received the highest ever outlay of ₹2.6-lakh crore in FY24, nearly nine times of that in FY14.
  • The funds will mostly be spent on building tracks, new coaches, electrification, and developing facilities at stations.

Efforts made by Government:

• Merger of Railway Budget with General budget :
  • With the elimination of a separate Railway Budget and its merger with the General Budget from 2017 onwards, there has been a welcome shift towards ramping up investments in the Indian Railways, both through increased budgetary support from the General Exchequer and through institutional borrowings, aimed at creating additional rail transport capacity ahead of demand.
    • The recommendation of the Acworth Committee separated the railway budget from the general budget in 1924.
  • Accordingly, the Annual Plan outlay of the Indian Railways which was ₹1,09,935 crore in 2016-17 in the last separate Railway Budget has ballooned to ₹2,60,200 crore in the Budget for 2023-24.
    • It results in an increase of 137% while unprecedented levels of investment to build rail infrastructure are a welcome development, unless these investments translate into concrete progress towards capacity building, highlighting only the inputs without looking at the outcomes serves no purpose.
• Therefore, the performance of the Indian Railways needs to be evaluated using more relevant metrics.

Unaddressed issues with Railway:

• Freight Sector :
  • The National Rail Plan 2030 (NRP) envisages raising the rail share in freight traffic vis-à-vis roadways from 27% to 45% by 2050 and the raising of the average speed of goods trains to 50 kilometers per hour from the present 25 kmph and concurrent reduction in tariff rates for freight by up to 30%.
  • It may be mentioned that the rail share of freight carried reduced from 51.5.% in 2008-09 to 32.4% in 2018-19 for leads over 300 km.
  • Further, almost the entire increase in volume of traffic carried by rail over the decade 2008-09 to 2018-19 has been in short lead traffic (leads up to 300 km) and 55% of the increase was through the transport of just one commodity, viz. coal.
  • There is no evidence of higher levels of traffic being achieved concurrently with diversification of commodities carried or an increase in rail share vis-à-vis road transport.
    • In other words, in the race towards achieving the targets set in NRP 2030, the Indian Railways is at or near the starting block.
• Issue of Punctuality :
  • On the passenger front, perhaps the single most important operational index is punctuality.
  • Here, a radical shift in emphasis is called for.
  • If stations in the Indian Railways network can be remodelled to ‘international standards’, perhaps it is time to aim for international standards in punctuality of trains as well.
    • For example, Japanese Railways reckon the punctuality of their high speed trains in seconds.
  • The Indian Railways should aim to be at least within five minutes (without any adjustment) of the scheduled time.
  • While published statistics of punctuality usually are above 90%, these figures are arrived at with a dose of adjustment and only the destination arrival time is considered irrespective of the fact that a train might have been off schedule en route at all the important intermediate stations.
  • It is high time to move away from the traditional concept of destination punctuality and evolve an index of punctuality that will also reflect the punctuality at select intermediate stations, at least for all mail/express trains.
    • With developments in IT and data analytics, this should be possible.
  • Real time punctuality of 90% should be a challenging target to aim for.
    • The focus should be to improve overall passenger experience, not merely statistics.
• Other Issues:
  • There is a vast range of issues such as financial performance, physical performance, safety, organizational/human resource issues, project execution, customer relations, effect of the dedicated freight corridors on the Indian Railways system capacity and so on that need to be critically analyzed/ reviewed and the necessary course corrections effected.

Way Forward:

• Annual Report on Performance :
  • The government should consider tabling an annual report on the performance of the Railways in Parliament — on the lines of the annual Economic Survey prepared by the Finance Ministry ahead of the General Budget.
  • This report, unlike a publicity pamphlet like the Indian Railways Year Book, should be an internal performance audit that should serve as a valuable resource for policymakers, serious students and also researchers in the field of rail transport.
    • No government or organization would willingly submit itself to such a self-analysis in the public domain.
    • But with the huge sums already invested, and proposed to be invested in the future in the rail sector, the nation can ill-afford to let the performance of its prime transporter and its largest public undertaking to be judged merely on the basis of the number of Vande Bharat trains introduced, the glitz and opulence of its remodelled stations or the record-breaking length of its railway station platforms.
• Projection of Traffic :
  • There is an urgent need for much attention paid to correctly project the future stream of traffic (freight, passenger).
  • In most project documents, the methodology is not spelt out clearly.
  • Developed countries' methods can be followed for projecting the stream of traffic.
    • In developed countries, sufficient attention is paid to projecting traffic volume at the planning stage itself.
    • They make use of Big Data to understand the existing volume of traffic on a corridor.
  • India generates Big Data (24x7) on freight transport movement — that is, GST/E-way bill — which is not released by the government for planning purposes.
    • Ideally, the government can anonymise and release this data.
  • The data must be made available to independent researchers as this will facilitate a more accurate estimation of logistics cost which policymakers are planning to measure on a regular basis.

Conclusion:

• Government’s push towards infrastructure is in tune with the government’s objective to build an efficient logistics ecosystem to make India a hub of the global value chain.

Source: The Hindu

Mains Question:

Q. What are the major unaddressed issues of Indian railway? Suggest some measures to address these issues. (250 Words).