Relevance: GS-3: Science and Technology- developments and their applications and effects in everyday life.

Key Phrases: satellite communication deployments, satellite phones, Low Earth Orbit, Iridium LLC, GlobalStar, Handset costs, Starlink, DTH, backhaul links, radio spectrum, Reliable, Global Coverage, Higher cost charges, Internet connection, Loon project.

Why in News?

• Given the high handset costs and issues around the radio spectrum required, they are unlikely to pose a threat to mobile phones.

Context:

• There is renewed interest in satellite communication deployments, with Starlink operated by SpaceX and OneWeb promoted by Bharti Global vying to enter the Indian market for offering satellite broadband connectivity to every corner of the country.
• There are many issues yet to be resolved including
  • The frequencies to be allocated for satellite broadband,
  • The methodology of allocation, whether it be administrative assignment or through auctions, and
  • The placement and interconnections at the ground stations.
• Prior to the era of Internet, there was a flurry of activity around handheld satellite phones (aka sat phone) in the early 2000s.
• Sat phones rely on a network of satellites for communication. They are rarely affected by violent storms and, depending upon their system architecture, work virtually anywhere. The devices weigh a few ounces and are about the same size as cell phones.Traditional sat phone buyers are government and public safety agencies, energy companies, shippers, and search and rescue organisations. However, an increasing number of private individuals are also buying sat phones as a backup against losing their ability to communicate with the world.

Background of satellite phones

• Robert Galvin, the legendary son of Motorola’s founder and who was then its chairman, gave the green signal for a project that could have become the cornerstone of the communications industry in the 1980s. The ambitious engineers at Motorola’s headquarters at Schaumburg, Illinois, toiled on the architecture of a system of 66 Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites placed about 781 km above the earth’s surface, arranged in a necklace configuration covering almost the entire globe, including the north and south poles.
• With much fanfare, Iridium LLC, with funding support from Chinese and Russian governments to the tune of about $2 billion, launched the service on November 1, 1998. However, the satellite service failed to catch the attention of consumers. Nine months after the launch, it had only 20,000 customers. In November 1999, Iridium filed for bankruptcy, much to the chagrin of technology enthusiasts.
• At about the same time, GlobalStar launched a similar network, but with an entirely different architecture, called bent-pipe. This system relied on 48 satellites placed in orbit about 900 miles above the earth, also called Medium Earth Orbit (MEO). Globalstar went bankrupt in 2002. It lost about half of its first-generation satellites and is just trying to rebuild itself.
• A regional network, Thuraya, was launched in 1997 and began operations in about 2001. Based in the UAE, it was designed to serve Europe, Africa, and the Middle East. Its handsets were dual-mode, which meant that subscribers could roam on both 2G GSM networks as well as talk via satellites in the Geo Stationary Orbit at the height of about 36,000 km. INMARSAT LLC, the UK based company specialising in maritime communication services, also entered the sat phone market in late 2000.

Handset costs

• Why have there been so many unsuccessful attempts in the sat phone market? The primary reason is the cost of the handset — at around $1,000 compared, it is much costlier than the affordable mobile handsets available worldwide. Though the early sat phones were primarily designed for telephony, today’s sat phones have the features of smartphones and are broadband capable. Apart from the handset costs, India boasts of the lowest data rate and, hence, it is disputable whether the satellite broadband services can effectively compete with mobile broadband.
• Apart from affordability, the radio spectrum required for satellite broadband is also controversial. Starlink, with its close to 3,000 satellites in the MEO and LEO constellations, have the Federal Communications Commission approval for use of Ku band (12-18 GHz) and Ka band (27-40 GHz); it has also applied for approval for E band (71-86 GHz).
• Some of these bands are being used for Direct to Home (DTH) television broadcasting in most countries, including India. Hence, close frequency coordination is required so that the existing services that are using these bands are not affected.

Radio spectrum

• Satellite broadband can not only provide access service directly to the users, but can also be used as backhaul links (that connect different terrestrial points of presence). While in most countries, radio spectrum that is used for access is auctioned, backhaul spectrum is assigned using administrative method. Hence, India needs to decide whether the radio spectrum for satellite broadband, given its evolution, should be treated on a par with spectrum for commercial mobile services and hence auctioned or not.

Advantages of Satellite Phone

• Reliable: even with cellular phone outages, satellite phones will still work and are unaffected by the outage. Most satellite phones also have awesome battery packs that does not easily run out, so it really is a reliable communication tool.
• User-Friendly: satellite phones are not as complicated as regular phones. In fact, it can even store important contact numbers that you can quickly dial as soon as needed. Satellite phones can even receive texts and send one too.
• Global Coverage: satellite phone coverage is far better than regular cellphone coverage. Most satellite phones cover remote and rural locations around the globe and losing coverage is highly unlikely.
• GPS: whether you are on a trip or in an accident, satellite phones can automatically transmit your location in case immediate assistance or help is needed. So, no matter where and what your situation is, you won’t vanish from the map.
• Contact in Case of emergency: with satellite phones, you can easily contact disaster response team and your loved ones in case you are in a tight spot. You just need to store their contact information before taking any trip for easier use.

Disadvantages of Satellite Phone

• Works outside: since satellite phones rely mostly on satellites above the earth, it is almost impossible to use it indoors. Huge obstacles such as mountains and trees can even make it impossible to use.
• Bigger: satellite phones are much bigger than regular phones and are also heavier. Even when it is bigger in size though, its features are far less than compared to the regular phones. So, it is an inconvenience especially in long trips as it only adds to the weight that you will need to bring.
• Higher cost charges: buying a satellite phone is not cheap and using it is also expensive. Per minute charges are far higher than the regular cellphones for both texting and calling. Even receiving a phone call will be charged against you.
• Maintenance: if one of the geosynchronous satellites malfunction, the entire network is affected and can only be up and running again after it gets fixed. Repairs can take longer than the regular cell tower repairs.

Way forward:

• Providing Internet connection from space is tricky. Apart from the many successful sat phones projects, Google scrapped its “Loon” project that aimed at providing Internet connectivity via a string of balloons.
• Though sat phones were very useful during the Kargil war, the commercial and societal benefits of satellite phone and broadband projects are still not apparent.

Source: The Hindu BL 

Mains Question:

Q. Though satellite phones were very useful during the Kargil war, why the commercial and societal benefits of satellite phone and broadband projects are still not apparent. Critically analyse.